Circulating Subjects: Sex Work and Migration in Russia, 1885-1935

Circulating Subjects investigates the migration of women abroad for sex work from the 1880s through the 1930s, which Russian feminists, liberal jurists, and imperial bureaucrats worked together to define and criminalize as "white slavery." As Circulating Subjects reveals, white slavery became a powerful tool of border control for the Russian Empire, later the Soviet Union, as it played a central role in shaping a global campaign against sex trafficking.Philippa Hetherington explores how a paternalistic desire to protect women underwrote the expansion of state power, linking gender, sexuality, and migration to the broader politics of sovereignty.Through vivid archival research spanning Odessa, Istanbul, and Geneva, Hetherington follows the development of Russian and Soviet efforts against sex trafficking across legal, diplomatic, and carceral domains.She draws on police files, consular reports, and the records of early feminist and humanitarian organizations to show how anti-trafficking