Life's Ratchet: How Molecular Machines Extract Order from Chaos

Life is an enduring mystery. Yet, science tells us that living beings are merely sophisticated structures of lifeless molecules.If this view is correct, where do the seemingly purposeful motions of cells and organisms originate?In Life's Ratchet , physicist Peter M. Hoffmann locates the answer to this age-old question at the nanoscale.Below the calm, ordered exterior of a living organism lies microscopic chaos, or what Hoffmann calls the molecular storm,specialized molecules immersed in a whirlwind of colliding water molecules.Our cells are filled with molecular machines, which, like tiny ratchets, transform random motion into ordered activity, and create the purpose" that is the hallmark of life.Tiny electrical motors turn electrical voltage into motion, nanoscale factories custom-build other molecular machines, and mechanical machines twist, untwist, separate and package strands of DNA.The cell is like a city,an unfathomable, complex collection of molecular workers working together t