States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering

Blocking out, turning a blind eye, shutting off, not wanting to know, wearing blinkers, seeing what we want to see ... these are all expressions of 'denial'. Alcoholics who refuse to recognize their condition, people who brush aside suspicions of their partner's infidelity, the wife who doesn't notice that her husband is abusing their daughter - are supposedly 'in denial'.Governments deny their responsibility for atrocities, and plan them to achieve 'maximum deniability'.Truth Commissions try to overcome the suppression and denial of past horrors.Bystander nations deny their responsibility to intervene.Do these phenomena have anything in common? When we deny, are we aware of what we are doing or is this an unconscious defence mechanism to protect us from unwelcome truths?Can there be cultures of denial? How do organizations like Amnesty and Oxfam try to overcome the public's apparent indifference to distant suffering and cruelty?Is denial always so bad - or do we need positive illusion