Syria Divided: Patterns of Violence in a Complex Civil War (Columbia Studies in Middle East Politics)

The civil war in Syria-which has claimed more than 600,000 lives and displaced over half of the country’s population since 2011-is an enormously complex conflict.The combatants include a wide array of state and nonstate forces, both Syrian and international.Adding to the war’s complexity, its many participants understand and explain the war in a range of different ways.For some, it is a fight for dignity and democracy; for others, a sectarian or communal conflict; still others see it as a fight against terrorism or a consequence of foreign interference. Ora Szekely draws on sources including in-depth interviews, conflict data, and propaganda distributed through social media to examine how these competing narratives have shaped the course of the conflict.Mapping out the broad patterns of violence among combatants and against civilians, Szekely argues that the competition to control the narrative in the eyes of important audiences at home and abroad has not only influenced the choices of