The Fasces: A History of Ancient Rome's Most Dangerous Political Symbol

"Fascism" is a word ubiquitous in our contemporary political discourse, but few know about its roots in the ancient past or its long, strange evolution to the present. In ancient Rome, the fasces were a bundle of wooden rods bound with a leather cord, in which an axe was placed--in essence, a mobile kit for corporal or capital punishment.Attendants typically carried fasces before Rome's higher officials, to induce feelings of respect and fear for the relevant authority.This highly performative Roman institution had a lifespan of almost two millennia, and made a deep impression on subsequent eras, from the Byzantine period to the present. Starting in the Renaissance, we find revivals and reinterpretations of the ancient fasces, accelerating especially after 1789, the first year of the United States' Constitution and the opening volley of the French Revolution.But it was Benito Mussolini, who, beginning in 1919, propagated the fasces on an unprecedented scale.Oddly, today the emblem has