The Ideals of Inquiry : An Ancient History

Long before science as we know it today existed, sophisticated studies of the external world were undertaken, notably in Mesopotamia, India, China, and Greece.G. E. R. Lloyd explores three interrelated issues concerning those investigations.This first issue is methods--how was it thought that they should be pursued?The second is subject-matter--what was assumed about what there is to be investigated?The third issue is aims and value--what were such investigations thought to be good for?Thus how did an ideal of demonstration that would yield incontrovertible conclusions come to arise and what did it owe to the political institutions of the society in which it first developed, namely ancient Greece?Debate has been widely practised and not just in literate societies: Lloyd's second chapter draws up a taxonomy of ancient debates and discusses how the ideals of transparency and accountability were made explicit.Then how did ideas about the need to undertake systematic research come to be fo